Tashahhud

Tashahhud: Definition

The tashahhud is the supplication recited while sitting during the Muslim prayer (ṣalāt). It contains greetings, words of worship, and the testimony of faith (shahada).

It is recited after two units of prayer (the first tashahhud) and at the end of the prayer (the final tashahhud), just before the shahada and the concluding salutations (taslīm).

Several authentic wordings have been transmitted in the Prophetic tradition.

The seven Canonical Forms of the Tashahhud

Each of the following forms is authentically transmitted from the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ Peace and blessings be upon him through a Companion. They share the same structure and meaning, with slight variations in wording.

① Form reported by Ibn Masʿūd (may Allah be pleased with him)

التَّحِيَّاتُ لِلَّهِ، وَالصَّلَوَاتُ وَالطَّيِّبَاتُ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْنَا وَعَلَىٰ عِبَادِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِينَ،

أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ،

وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ.

At-taḥiyyātu lillāhi, waṣ-ṣalawātu waṭ-ṭayyibāt.

As-salāmu ʿalayka ayyuhan-nabiyyu wa raḥmatullāhi wa barakātuh.

As-salāmu ʿalaynā wa ʿalā ʿibādillāhi ṣ-ṣāliḥīn.

Ash-hadu an lā ilāha illā Allāh,

wa ash-hadu anna Muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa rasūluh.

All greetings, prayers, and pure words belong to Allah.

Peace be upon you, O Prophet, and the mercy of Allah and His blessings.

Peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of Allah.

I bear witness that there is no god but Allah,

and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and His Messenger.

---

② Form reported by Ibn ʿAbbās (may Allah be pleased with them both)

التَّحِيَّاتُ الْمُبَارَكَاتُ الصَّلَوَاتُ الطَّيِّبَاتُ لِلَّهِ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْنَا وَعَلَىٰ عِبَادِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِينَ،

أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ،

وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ.

At-taḥiyyātul-mubārakātuṣ-ṣalawātuṭ-ṭayyibātu lillāh.

As-salāmu ʿalayka ayyuhan-nabiyyu wa raḥmatullāhi wa barakātuh.

As-salāmu ʿalaynā wa ʿalā ʿibādillāhi ṣ-ṣāliḥīn.

Ash-hadu an lā ilāha illā Allāh,

wa ash-hadu anna Muḥammadan rasūlullāh.

All blessed greetings, prayers, and pure deeds belong to Allah.

Peace be upon you, O Prophet, and the mercy of Allah and His blessings.

Peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of Allah.

I bear witness that there is no god but Allah,

and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.

---

③ Form reported by Ibn ʿUmar (may Allah be pleased with them both)

التَّحِيَّاتُ لِلَّهِ، الصَّلَوَاتُ الطَّيِّبَاتُ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْنَا وَعَلَىٰ عِبَادِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِينَ،

أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ،

وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولُهُ.

At-taḥiyyātu lillāh, aṣ-ṣalawātuṭ-ṭayyibāt.

As-salāmu ʿalayka ayyuhan-nabiyyu wa raḥmatullāhi wa barakātuh.

As-salāmu ʿalaynā wa ʿalā ʿibādillāhi ṣ-ṣāliḥīn.

Ash-hadu an lā ilāha illā Allāh,

wa ash-hadu anna Muḥammadan ʿabdu-llāhi wa rasūluh.

All greetings belong to Allah, as well as prayers and pure words.

Peace be upon you, O Prophet, and the mercy of Allah and His blessings.

Peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of Allah.

I bear witness that there is no god but Allah,

and I bear witness that Muhammad is the servant of Allah and His Messenger.

---

④ Form reported by Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī (may Allah be pleased with him)

التَّحِيَّاتُ الطَّيِّبَاتُ الصَّلَوَاتُ لِلَّهِ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْنَا وَعَلَىٰ عِبَادِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِينَ،

أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ،

وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ

At-taḥiyyātuṭ-ṭayyibātuṣ-ṣalawātu lillāh.

As-salāmu ʿalayka ayyuhan-nabiyyu wa raḥmatullāhi wa barakātuh.

As-salāmu ʿalaynā wa ʿalā ʿibādillāhi ṣ-ṣāliḥīn.

Ash-hadu an lā ilāha illā Allāh,

wa ash-hadu anna Muḥammadan rasūlullāh.

All pure greetings and prayers belong to Allah.

Peace be upon you, O Prophet, and the mercy of Allah and His blessings.

Peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of Allah.

I bear witness that there is no god but Allah,

and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.

---

⑤ Form reported by ʿĀʾisha (may Allah be pleased with her)

التَّحِيَّاتُ الطَّيِّبَاتُ الصَّلَوَاتُ لِلَّهِ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْنَا وَعَلَىٰ عِبَادِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِينَ،

أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ،

وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ.

At-taḥiyyātuṭ-ṭayyibātuṣ-ṣalawātu lillāh.

As-salāmu ʿalayka ayyuhan-nabiyyu wa raḥmatullāhi wa barakātuh.

As-salāmu ʿalaynā wa ʿalā ʿibādillāhi ṣ-ṣāliḥīn.

Ash-hadu an lā ilāha illā Allāh,

wa ash-hadu anna Muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa rasūluh.

All pure greetings and prayers belong to Allah.

Peace be upon you, O Prophet, and the mercy of Allah and His blessings.

Peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of Allah.

I bear witness that there is no god but Allah,

and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and His Messenger.

---

⑥ Form reported by Abū Saʿīd al-Khudrī (may Allah be pleased with him)

التَّحِيَّاتُ لِلَّهِ، الصَّلَوَاتُ الطَّيِّبَاتُ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْنَا وَعَلَىٰ عِبَادِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِينَ،

أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ،

وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ.

At-taḥiyyātu lillāh, aṣ-ṣalawātuṭ-ṭayyibāt.

As-salāmu ʿalayka ayyuhan-nabiyyu wa raḥmatullāhi wa barakātuh.

As-salāmu ʿalaynā wa ʿalā ʿibādillāhi ṣ-ṣāliḥīn.

Ash-hadu an lā ilāha illā Allāh,

wa ash-hadu anna Muḥammadan rasūlullāh.

All greetings belong to Allah, as well as prayers and pure words.

Peace be upon you, O Prophet, and the mercy of Allah and His blessings.

Peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of Allah.

I bear witness that there is no god but Allah,

and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.

---

⑦ Form reported by Jābir (may Allah be pleased with him)

التَّحِيَّاتُ لِلَّهِ، وَالصَّلَوَاتُ وَالطَّيِّبَاتُ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْنَا وَعَلَىٰ عِبَادِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِينَ،

أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ،

وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ.

At-taḥiyyātu lillāhi, waṣ-ṣalawātu waṭ-ṭayyibāt.

As-salāmu ʿalayka ayyuhan-nabiyyu wa raḥmatullāhi wa barakātuh.

As-salāmu ʿalaynā wa ʿalā ʿibādillāhi ṣ-ṣāliḥīn.

Ash-hadu an lā ilāha illā Allāh,

wa ash-hadu anna Muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa rasūluh.

All greetings, prayers, and pure words belong to Allah.

Peace be upon you, O Prophet, and the mercy of Allah and His blessings.

Peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of Allah.

I bear witness that there is no god but Allah,

and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and His Messenger.

The Pedagogical Form of the Tashahhud

This form is widely taught in prayer manuals. It expands authentic elements in order to make explicit that every word and act belongs to Allah.

التَّحِيَّاتُ لِلَّهِ،

الزَّكِيَّاتُ لِلَّهِ،

الصَّلَوَاتُ لِلَّهِ،

الطَّيِّبَاتُ لِلَّهِ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ،

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْنَا وَعَلَىٰ عِبَادِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِينَ،

أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ،

وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ.

At-taḥiyyātu lillāh,

az-zakiyyātu lillāh,

aṣ-ṣalawātu lillāh,

aṭ-ṭayyibātu lillāh,

as-salāmu ʿalayka ayyuhan-nabiyyu wa raḥmatullāhi wa barakātuh,

as-salāmu ʿalaynā wa ʿalā ʿibādillāhi ṣ-ṣāliḥīn,

ash-hadu an lā ilāha illā Allāh,

wa ash-hadu anna Muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa rasūluh.

All greetings belong to Allah.

All purified acts belong to Allah.

All prayers belong to Allah.

All pure deeds belong to Allah.

Peace be upon you, O Prophet, and the mercy of Allah and His blessings.

Peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of Allah.

I bear witness that there is no god but Allah,

and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and His Messenger.

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Invocation (Dua)

O Allah,

Let our hearts find peace in the diversity

of the words You have legislated for Your prayer.

Grant us to worship You with correctness,

without harshness and without confusion,

following faithfully what Your Messenger has transmitted.

Let every form of the tashahhud

be for us a path toward the same truth,

and let our tongues—whatever words they pronounce—

always be inhabited by the presence of the heart.

Unite our intentions in Your worship,

and grant us, through these words repeated before You,

goodness in this life and in the Hereafter.

Āmīn

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The Forms of the Tashahhud in Prayer

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